THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT STOCKING DENESITIES AND DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) FINGERLINGS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26873/SVR-761-2019Abstract
The current experiment was randomly designed as a 3×2 factorial design to investigate the effects of two fixed factor (stocking density & dietary protein level) on growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and physiological response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fishes were allotted in 18 concrete (8×3×0.5 m3; L×W×H) tanks at three different stocking density 30, 20 and 10 catfish fingerlings / m3 and fed on two different protein diets (25 and 30%). Each treatment was applied in three replicates. Fishes were fed 2.5% of biomass body weight twice/day. Results showed that growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and hematological parameters were significantly improved with increased dietary protein level with low stocking density. The sixth treatment (high protein level 30% and lowest stocking density; 10 fish/m3) exhibited the highest growth performance with no mortalities. Based on the results of the current study, it could be recommended to use protein level diet of 30% or more and stocking density of 10 catfish fingerlings/ m3 to obtain high productivity in a short time with consequent decreased cost.
Key words: African catfish; Clarias gariepinus; dietary protein; growth parameters; Stocking density
References
Omotoyin BO. Introduction to Fish Farm-ing in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Publish-ing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nige-ria. 2007; 60.
Nwipie GN, Erondu ES, Zabbey N. Influ-ence of Stocking Density on Growth and Sur-vival of Post Fry of the African Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Fish Aquac J 2015; 6(1) DOI: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000116
World Bank. Marketing Africa’s High-value Foods: Comparative Experiences of an Emergent Private Sector. Steven J. and John M (eds). 1995: 1–17.
Barua G. Gonadal development and fry rearing of Clarias batrachus. 1990.
Zonneveld N, Fadholi R. Feed intake and growth of red tilapia at different stocking densi-ties in ponds in Indonesia. Aquaculture 1991; 99: 83–94.
Goda AM, El-Haroun ER, Chowdhury MA. Effect of totally or partially replacing fish meal by alternative protein sources on growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822) reared in concrete tanks. Aq-uac Res 2007; 38: 279–87.
Nyina-wamwiza L, Wathelet B, Kestemont P. Potential of local agricultural by-products for the rearing of African catfish Clarias gariepi-nus in Rwanda: effects on growth, feed utiliza-tion and body composition. Aquac Res 2007; 38:206–14.
Osman AGM, Wuertz S, Mekkawy IAA, Exner H, Kirschbaum F. Embryo-toxic effects of lead nitrate of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J. Ichthyol. 2007; 23: 48–58.
Abdelhamid AM. Recent Trends in Fish Culture. New Universal Office, Alexandria. 2009a.
Khan MA, Abidi SF. Dietary arginine re-quirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fry (Bloch) based on growth, nutrient retention and hemato-logical parameters. Aquac Nut 2011; 17:418–28.
Richter CJJ, Eding EH, Verreth JAJ, Fleuren WLJ. African catï¬sh (Clarias gariepi-nus). In: N.R. Bromage & R.J. Roberts (eds). Broodstock Management and Nutrition and Egg and Larval Quality. Blackwell Scientiï¬c Publi-cations, Oxford, 1995; pp 42.
Dada AA, Wonah C. Production of exot-ic C. gariepinus at varying stocking density in outdoor ponds. J aqua Sci 2003;18(1): 21–4.
Chor WK, Lim LS, Shapawi R. Evalua-tion of feather meal as a dietary protein source for African Catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus. J Fish Aquac Sci 2013; 8:697–705.
Madu CT, Udodike EBC, Ita EO. Food and feeding habits of hatchlings of mudfish Clarias anguillaris (L). Afr J Aquat Sci 1990; 5: 27–31.
Ibrahim MSA, Mona HA, Mohammed A. Zooplankton as live food for fry and fingerlings of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Concrete ponds. Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research. (CLAR), Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt. 8th Int Symp Tilapia in Aquac 2008; 757–69.
Sirakov I, Invacheva E. Influence of stocking density on the growth performance of rainbow trout and brown trout grown in re- cir-culatory system. Bulg J Agric Sci 2008; 14(2): 150–4.
AOAC. Official methods of Analysis. In: Association of Official Analysis of Chemists, Washington D.C. 15th Ed. 1990
APHA (American Public Health Associa-tion, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th edition. APHA. Washington, DC. 1989
Annet CS. A model to facilitated optimal aquaculture production by quantitatively relat-ing fish growth to feed and other environmental resources. Ph.D., Thesis, Michigan. State Uni-versity, U.S.A. 1985.
Pouomonge V, Mbonglang M. Effect of feeding rate on the growth of tilapia (O. niloticus) in earthen ponds. Isr J aquac 1993; 45: 147–53.
De Silva SS, Anderson TA. Fish Nutri-tion in Aquaculture, Ed., Champman and Hall, 2-6 Bouday Raw, London SEI8 FIN, UK. 1995.
Stoskopf MK. Fish medicine Ed., W.B. Sainders Company, London. 1993.
Zinkle JG. Avian hematology.In: Jain NC (Ed. Schalm̓s) Veterinary Hematology, Phila-delphia, Paihea and Febiger. 1986; 256–60.
Decie SIV, Lewis SM. Practical Haema-tology. Pp.736. Churchill Livingstone, London. ISBN: 13:978-0-443-06660-3. 10th Ed. 2006.
SPSS. Statistical package for the social sciences, Revisions 6, spss Inc, Chicago, USA. 1997.
Duncan DB. Multiple Ranges and Multi-ple F– test. Biometerics 1955; 11:1–42.
Rahman MA, Mazid MA, Rahman MR, Khan MN, Hossain MA. Effect of stocking den-sity on survival and growth of critically endan-gered mashseer, Torputitora (Hamilton), in nursery ponds. Aquaculture 2005; 249: 275–84.
Suziki N, Kondo M, Günes E, Özongun M, Ohno A. Age and growth of Turbot Psetta maxima in the Black Sea, Turkey. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 2001;1: 43–53.
Phonekhampheng O. On-farm Feed Re-sources for Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Pro-duction in Laos: Evaluation of Some Local Feed Resources. Dissertation submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2008; Pp 65.
Diyaware MY, Modu BM, Yakubu UP. Effect of different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization of hy-brid catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis×Clarias anguillaris) fry in north- east Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8: 3954–7.
Kiriratnikom S, Kiriratnikom A. Growth, feed utilization, survival and body composition of fingerlings of slender walking catfish, Clari-as nieuhofii, fed diets containing different pro-tein levels. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol 2012; 34 (1):37–43.
Ahmad M, Qureshi TA, Singh AB, Ma-nohar S, Kamlesh B, Salman RC. Effect of die-tary protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents on the growth, feed efficiency and carcass compo-sition of Cyprinus carpio communis fingerlings. Int J Fish Aquac 2012; 4(3):30–40.
Hecht T. A Review of on-farm feed management practices for North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Hasan M. Rand New M.B(ed.),On-farm Feeding and Feed Management in Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 583, Rome, Italy, 2013; pp: 463-479, 282–9.
Edward A, Ladu BMB, Elihu A. Growth, survival and production economics of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings at different stocking den-sities in concrete tanks. Afr J Gen Agric 2010; 6(2):59–66.
Gonçalves De Oliveira EG, Pinheiro AB, de Oliveira VQ, da Silva únior ARM, de Moraes MG, Rocha IRCB, de Sousa RR, Costa FHF. Effects of stocking density on the performance of juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in cages. Aquaculture 2012; 370-371:96–101.
Jiwyam W, Nithikulworawong N. Stock-ing density-dependent growth and survival of Asian red-tailed catfish (Hemibagrus wycki-oides) fries: early nursing in cages. Int Aquat Res 2014; 6:245–50
Josiah AS, Mwatete MC, Njiru J. Effects of greenhouse and stocking density on growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) fry reared in high altitude Kenya regions. Int J Sci Res 2014; 3(9):558–63.
Abdur Rahim AG, Ferrando S, Gallus L, Abdul Ghaffar A, Hafeez-ur-Rehman M, Waryani B. Effects of varying dietary protein level on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of juvenile black fin sea bream, Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal,1775). Pakistan J Zool 2016; 48(4):1089–97.
Barton BA, Morgan JD, Vijayan MM. Physiological and condition-related indicators of environmental stress in fish. In: Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, Adams S.M. (ed.), American Fisheries Society, Bethes-da, M.D, 2002; pp: 111–48.
Mohanta KN, Subramanian S, Korikan-thimath VS. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, nutrient utilization and whole-body composition of blue gourami, Tricho-gaster trichopterus fingerlings. J Anim Physiol Anim Nut 2013; 97:126–36.
Boyd CE. Water Quality in warm water fish ponds. Anburn University, Alabama. 1979; p 359.
Abdelhamid AM. Field and Laboratorial Analysis in Animal Production. 1st Edn., Dar Alnashr for Universities, Cairo, Egypt. 1996.
Abdelhamid AM. Fundamentals of Fish Production and Culture. New Universal Office, Alexandria. 2009b
FAO. Fisheries and food security, Doc-umentation issued on the occasion of the world food summit in Rome (1996), Food and Agri-culture organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1996; p: 2.
Abdelhakim NF, Baker MN, Soltan MA. Aquatic Environment for Fish Culture. Faber and Faber, Cairo. 2002.
Dai W, Wang XM, Guo YJ, Wang Q, Ma JH. Growth performance, hematological and biochemical responses of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) reared at different stocking densities. Afr J Agric Res 2011; 6(28): 6177–82.
Florence ON, Harrison TO. Impact of Stocking Density on the Polyculture of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus. J Agric Sci Technol 2012; 2: 1018–23.
Kyoung DK, Kang WK, Bong JL, Maeng HS, Hyon SH, Jin DK. Dietary protein require-ment for young far eastern catfish Silurus aso-tus. Fish Aquat Sci 2014; 17(4):455–9.
Suharmili R, Kamarudin MS, Saad CR, Ina-Salwany MY, Ramezani-Fard E, Mahmud MH. Effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth, feed efficiency and body composi-tion of lemon fin barb hybrid fingerlings. Iran J Fish Sci 2015; 14(2):425–35.
Xia S, Sun Z, Feng S, Zhang Z, Rahman MM, Rajkumar M. Effects of dietary protein level on growth and ammonia excretion of Leopard coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede, 1802). Sains Malaysiana, 2015; 44(4):537–43.
Jha P, Barat S. The effect of stocking density on growth, survival rate and number of marketable fish produced of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio vr. Koi; in concrete tanks. J Appl Aquac 2005; 17: 84–102.
Kim KW, Wang XJ, Bai SC. Optimum di-etary protein level for maximum growth of ju-venile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel). Aquac Res 2002; 33: 673–9.
Farhat KMA, Khan MA. Growth, feed conversion and nutrient retention efficiency of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) fingerling fed diets with varying levels of pro-tein. J Appl Aquac 2011; 23:304–16.
Kpogue D, Gangbazo H, Fiogbe E. A preliminary study on the dietary protein re-quirement of Parachanna obscura (Günther, 1861) larvae. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 2013; 13:111–7.
Aliyu-Paiko M, Hashim R, Shu-Chien AC. Influence of dietary lipid/protein ratio on survival, growth, body indices and digestive lipase activity in snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch1793) fry reared in re-circulating water system. Aquac Nut 2010; 16: 466–7.
