MORPHOLOGY OF THE DROMEDARY CAMEL STOMACH WITH REFERENCE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26873/SVR-1621-2022Keywords:
dromedary camel stomach, morphology, desert habitatAbstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are adapted to their desert habitat where they are able to survive and reproduce despite very high temperatures, little vegetation, and limited water availability. The mechanism of thermoregulation in camels is highly efficient, which makes them maintain the appropriate body temperature to carry out their physiological activities. Compared to other mammals, camels are environmentally tolerant as they can be bred for milk and meat production in areas with scant natural resources depending on their unique physiological, anatomical and behavioral characteristics. The camel's digestive system has unique morphological features that make it highly adapted to its natural environment. Although the stomach of camels is divided into compartments, as in ruminants, they are referred to as pseudo-ruminants because they do not have the clearly divided four-chambered stomach found in true ruminants. However, their stomach is larger and more efficient in dealing with dry, tough, and fibrous food. Therefore, the current study aimed to review the gross anatomical and histological peculiarities and characteristic features of the dromedary camel stomach with respect to their physiological importance. The morphological characterization of the dromedary camel stomach might elucidate the functions of its different compartments. Thus, this review could add to our understanding of the physiology of the digestive system in dromedary camels.
References
● 1. Majid AA. The one–humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan. Annotated Bibliography (1905 – 2000). Camel Applied Research and Development Network, 2000:2.
● 2. Kadim IT, Mahgoub O, Purchas, RW. A review of the growth, and of the carcass and meat quality characteristics of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Meat Sci 2008; 80 (3): 555–69.
● 3. Faye B. The camel, new challenges for a sustainable development. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48: 689–92. DOI 10.1007/s11250-016-0995-8.
● 4. Rehan S, Qureshi AS. Morphometric analysis of heart, kidneys and adrenal glands in dromedary camel calves. J Camel Pract Res 2007; 14: 27–31.
● 5. Gebreyohanes GM, Assen MA. Adaptation Mechanisms of Camels (Camelus dromedarius) for Desert Environment: A Review. J Vet Sci Tech 2017; 8: 1–5. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000486.
● 6. Al-Dahash S, Sassi M. A preliminary study on management, breeding and reproductive performance of Camel in Libya. Iraq J Vet Sci 2009; 23: 276–81.
● 7. Reece WO, Erickson HE, Goff JP, Uemura EE. Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. 13th Edit. Ross WR, Hanson RR. Large intestine. In: Auer JA (ed): Equine Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:379–406.
● 8. Eltahir Y, Ali H, Mansour M, Mahgoub O. Serum mineral contents of the Omani racing Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius). J Anim Vet Adv 2010; 9: 764–70. DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.764.770.
● 9. Wosene A. Traditional husbandry practices and major health problems of camels in the Ogaden, Ethiopia. Nomad People 1991; 29: 21–30.
● 10. Gaughan JB. Which physiological adaptation allows camels to tolerate 1000486 high heat load and what more can we learn? J Camelid Sci 2011; 4: 85–8.
● 11. Ouajd S. Kamel B. Physiological particularities of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and experimental implications. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 2009; 36: 19–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23675/sjlas.v36i1.165.
● 12. Qureshi AS, Rehan S, Usman M, Hayat K, Umar Z, Sarfraz A. Quantitative evaluation of age-related anatomical characteristics of selected digestive organs of dromedary camel. Pak Vet J 2020; 40(2): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2019.129.
● 13. Hussein A, Cani MM, Hussein DM. Anatomical and histological studies of oesophagus of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Mirror Res Vet Sci Anim 2016; 5 (1): 11–8.
● 14. Al-Shabebi AA, Dalab A, Elseory MA, Althnaian TA, Al-Ramadan SY. Morphometrical, histological and histomerical studies on oesophagus of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Rumin Sci 2019; 8: 163–8.
● 15. Hall JB, Silver S. Digestive system of the cow. Sciences-New York, 2009: 1–4.
● 16. Cain JW, Krusman NPR, Turner JC. Mechanisms of Thermoregulation and Water Balance in Desert Ungulates. Wildl Soc Bull 2006; 34: 570–81. https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[570:MOTAWB]2.0.CO;2
● 17. Wilson RT. Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. V. Notes on camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 1978; 10: 19-25. DOI: 10.1007/BF02235296
● 18. Fowler ME. Evolutionary history and differences between camelids and ruminants. J Camel Pract Res 1997;4(2) :99–105.
● 19. Fowler ME. Camelids Are Not Ruminants. J Zoo Wild Med 2008; 375–85. doi:10.1016/B978-141604047-7.50049-X
● 20. Vater AL, Zandt E, Maierl J. The topographic and systematic anatomy of the alpaca stomach. Anat Rec 2021; 304 (9): 1999–2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24588
● 21. Dougbag AS, Berg R. Histological and histochemical studies on the mucosa of the initial dilated and middle long narrow part of the third compartment of the camels’ stomach (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Histol Embryol 1980; 9(2): 155–63.
● 22. Dougbag AS, Berg R. Histological and histochemical studies on the fundic mucosa of the camel's stomach (Camelus dromedarius). Anat. Anz. 1981; 149: 72–9.
● 23. Singh M, Nagpal S, Singh Y. Histomorphological studies on the glandular mucosa of rumen, reticulu and omesum in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Indian J Anim Sci 1996; 66 (9): 881–4.
● 24. Eerdunchaolu TK, Kobayashi A, Baiyin Cao GF, et. al. Morphological characterization of gland cells of the glandular sac area in the complex stomach of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Anat Histol Embryol 1999; 28: 183–91. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.1999.00185.x
● 25. Abdel Magied EM, Taha AAM. Morphological, Morphometric and Histochemical Characterization of the Gastric Mucosa of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius ). Anat Histol Embryol 2003; 32: 42–7.
● 26. Erden H, Öcal MK, Güzel N, Kara E, Öğüt İ. Macroanatomic Studies on the Stomach of Camel. Eurasian J Vet Sci 1998; 14(1): 97–105
● 27. Lechner-Doll M, Engelhardt WV, Abbas AM, Mousa HM, Luciano L, Reale, E. Particularities in forestomach anatomy, physiology and biochemistory of camelids compared to ruminants. Center International De Hantes 1995; 13: 19–32.
● 28. Vallenas A, Cummings JF, Munnell JF. A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and Guanaco. J Morphol 1971; 134: 399–423.
● 29. Pérez W, König, HE, Jerbi H; Clauss M. Macroanatomical aspects of the gastrointestinal tract of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos Linnaeus, 1758) and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758). Verteb Zool 2016; 66(3): 419–25.
● 30. Osman EO. Morphological and some immunohistochemical observations on the stomach of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Master of Science thesis, University of Khartoum, 1999.
● 31. Abuagla IA, Ali HA, Ibrahim ZH. Gross anatomical and histometric studies on the stomach glandular sacs of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Sud J Sci Technol 2014; 15: 46–56.
● 32. Esteban LR, Thompson JR. The Digestive System of New World Camelids - Common Digestive Diseases of Llamas. Iowa State Univ Vet 1988; 50 (9): 117–21.
● 33. Engelhardt WV, Holler H. Salivary and gastric physiology of camelids. Verh Deutsch Zool 1982; 195–204.
● 34. Hansen A, Schmidt-Nielsen K. On the stomach of the camel with special reference to structure of its mucous membrane. Acta Anat 1957; 13(3): 353–75.
● 35. Shahrasbi H, Radmehr B. Studies on the anatomy and histology of rumen water sacs in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Iran J Vet Med 1974; 30 (3): 14–25.
● 36. Smuts MS, Bezuidenhout AJ. Anatomy of the Dromedary. Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1987.
● 37. Langer P. Comparative Anatomy of the Stomach in Mammalian Herbivores. Q J Exp Physiol 1988; 69, 615–25.
● 38. Wang JLG, Lan GX, Wang Yanli H, Xie Z. Anatomical subdivision of the stomach of the Bactrin camel (Camelus bactrianus). J Morphol 2000; 245 (2): 161–7. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4687(200008)245:2<161: AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-B.
● 39. Raji AR. Morphological and histochemical investigation of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) abomasal mucous membrane by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Iran J Vet Res 2011; 12 (4): 304–8.
● 40. Abuagla IA. Morphological and Histochemical Studies on the Stomach with special emphasis on the Glandular Sacs of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Master of Science thesis, Sudan University of Science and Technology, 2014.
● 41. Luciano L, Voss-Wermbter G, Behnke M, von Engelhardt W, Reale E. The structure of the gastric mucosa of the llamas (Lama guanocoe and Lamalamae). I. Forestomach. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 1979; 125: 519–49.
● 42. Cummings JF, Munnell JF, Vallenas A. The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco. J Morphol 1972; 137: 71–109.
● 43. Wilson RT. The nutritional requirements of camel. In: Séminaire sur la digestion, la nutrition et l'alimentation du dromadaire, ed. J.L. Tisserand. Zaragoza: CIHEAM 1989: 171–9.
● 44. St-Pierre B, Wright ADG. Molecular analysis of methanogenic archaea in the forestomach of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:1.
● 45. Broom DM. Components of sustainable animal production and the use of silvopastoral systems. Rev Bras Zootec 2017; 46: 683–8.
● 46. Reid CSW. The progress of solid feed residues through the rumino-reticulum: the ins and outs of particles, In: Baker SR, Gawthorne JM, Mackintosh JB, Purser DB. (Eds.). Ruminant’s physiology: concepts and consequences. Perth, University of Western Australia Press, 1985: 79–84.
● 47. 46. Reece WO, Erickson HE, Goff JP, Uemura EE. (Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. 13th Edit. Ross WR, Hanson RR, 1992. Large intestine, In: Auer JA (ed): Equine Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2015: 379–406.
● 48. Macfarlane WV. Survival in an arid land. Aust Nat hist 1977; 29: 18–23.
● 49. Eckerlin RH, Stevens OE. Bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the Llama sromach. Cornell Vet 1971; 63(3): 436–45.
● 50. Rubsamen K. Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in the foresromachs of the Llama. A J Physiol 1978; 235(1):1–6. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.1.E1.
● 51. Engelhardt WV, Ali KE, Wipper E. Absorption and secretion in the tubiform forestomach (compartment 3) of the llama. J Comp Physiol 1979; 132: 337–41.
● 52. Bello O, Alimi OO, Sonfanda ML. et al. Histomorphometric study of the prenatal development of the circumvallate papillae of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anatom Physiol 2015; 5: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.1000168
● 53. Engelhardt WV, Sallmann HP. Resorption und Sekretion im Pansen des Guanakos (lama guanacoe). Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1972; 19:117–32.
● 54. Rubsamen K, Engelhardt WV. Morphological and functional peculiarities of the llama forestomach. Ann Rech Vet 1979; 10: 473–5.
● 55. Yagil R, Etzion Z. The role Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone in the dehydrated and rehydrated camel. Comp Biochem Physiol 1979; 63A: 275–8.
● 56. Farid MFA, Shawket SM, Abdel-Rahman MHA. Observations on the nutrition of camels and sheep under stress, In: Camels. IFS Symposium, Sudan, 1979; 125–70.
● 57. Emmanuel B, Howard BR, Emady M. Urea degradation in the camel. Can J Anim Sci 1976; 56: 595–601.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Zarroug H. Ibrahim, Tariq I. Almundarij
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
