MONITORING THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS OF FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26873/SVR-1577-2022Keywords:
FLUTD, serum smyloid A, AGP, fibrinogen, felineAbstract
This study aimed to compare the hemato-biochemical parameters in cats suffered from FLUTD with those of healthy cats, and to evaluate the inflammatory process by measuring serum amyloid A, alpha-1-Acid glycoprotein, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Cats frequently suffer from feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), which causes acute renal failure, electrolyte buildup, and acid-base imbalance. Acute-phase proteins can be used to monitor the inflammatory processes of feline lower urinary tract disease.
The present study included thirty cats of both sexes, nine cats defined as clinically healthy cats and 21 cats with signs of idiopathic cystitis and/ or urethral obstruction for up to 24 hours were defined as cat with FLUTD group. Blood samples were collected from cephalic vein for hematological, biochemical assays and the measurement of acute-phase protein concentrations, including SAA, AGP, and fibrinogen. Serum SAA and AGP were measured using commercial ELISA kits.
In cats with FLUTD, the total white blood cell count, neutrophils, and platelets count increased significantly, as did the mean values of hematological and biochemical indices. However, there was a significant decrease in the mean value of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and PCV. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, potassium, and phosphorus levels all increased significantly, while sodium and chloride levels decreased significantly. When compared to clinically healthy cats, plasma fibrinogen, serum alpha-1- acid glycoprotein, and serum amyloid A levels were significantly higher in cats with FLUTD. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of acute phase proteins biomarkers (SAA, AGP, and fibrinogen) and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. It is concluded that, in cats with FLUTD, serum amyloid A, AGP, and fibrinogen could be employed as an indicator of inflammatory processes.
References
● 1. Dorsch R, Remer C, Sauter-Louis C, et al. Feline lower urinary tract disease in a German cat population. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, causes and clinical signs. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere. 2014; 42: 231–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25119631/.
● 2. Nururrozi A, Yanuartono Y, Sivananthan P, et al. Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13: 1182–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801571/.
● 3. Dinallo HR, Giuffrida R, de Azevedo MGP, et al. Acute-phase proteins in cats with obstructive feline lower urinary tract disease. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51: 77–83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vcp.13047?af=R.
● 4. Eckersall P. Proteins, proteomics, and the dysproteinemias. In: Kaneko J, Harvey J, Bruss M, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals: 6th ed. Elsevier. 2008; p 117–55. https://www.elsevier.com/books/clinical-biochemistry-of-domestic-animals/kaneko/978-0-12-370491-7.
● 5. Segev G, Livne H, Ranen E, et al. Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 101–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145768/.
● 6. Astuty A, Tjahajati I, Nugroho WS. Detection of feline idiopathic cystitis as the cause of feline lower urinary tract disease in Sleman Regency, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13: 1108–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801561/.
● 7. Saevik BK, Trangerud C, Ottesen N, Sorum H, Eggertsdottir AV. Causes of lower urinary tract disease in Norwegian cats. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 410-417. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21440473/.
● 8. Bartges JW. Pathophysiology of urinary obstruction. In: Bartges JW, Polzin D, eds. Nephrology and Urology in Small Animal. : Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011; p 707–9. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118785546.
● 9. Gerber B, Boretti FS, Kley S, et al. Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats. J Small Anim Pract 2005; 46: 571–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16355731/.
● 10. Gerber B, Eichenberger S, Reusch CE. Guarded long-term prognosis in male cats with urethral obstruction. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10: 16–23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17719255/.
● 11. Lew-Kojrys S, Mikulska-Skupien E, Snarska A, et al. Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats. Veterinarni Medicina 2017; 62: 386–93. https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/vetmed.htm?type=article&id=170_2016-VETMED.
● 12. Vilhena H, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, et al. Acute phase proteins response in cats naturally infected by hemotropic mycoplasmas. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 56: 1–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406276/.
● 13. Paltrinieri S. The feline acute phase reaction. Vet J 2008; 177: 26–35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17686640/.
● 14. Kann RK, Seddon JM, Henning J, et al. Acute phase proteins in healthy and sick cats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93: 649–54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209081/.
● 15. Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martynez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol 2005; 34: 85–99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15902658/.
● 16. Tamamoto T, Ohno K, Takahashi M, et al. Serum amyloid A as a prognostic marker in cats with various diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25(3): 428–32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23632661/.
● 17. Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, et al. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010; 1120–4.
● 18. Latimer KS. Duncan and Prasse's veterinary laboratory medicine: clinical pathology. John Wiley and Sons. 2011.
● 19. Cui Y, Heuser K, Bauer N, et al. Coagulation parameters in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment compared with healthy controls. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21: 1134–40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571457/.
● 20. Kochan A, Simsek A. An Investigation of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations and Aetiology of Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats in Diyarbakır, Turkiye. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 53: 451–7. https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_249598.html.
● 21. Paraš S, Paraš G, Lukač B, et al. Haematological status in cats with chronic renal failure: effect of a renal diet. Vet J Rep Srpska 2019; XIX: 13–19. https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=20539&catId=113396&id=8506091.
● 22. Dean R, Downes M. Renal diets in cats with chronic kidney disease. Vet Rec 2015; 176: 360–1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392234/.
● 23. Finch NC, Syme HM, Elliott J. Risk Factors for Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30: 602–10. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.13917.
● 24. Chiu YW, Adler S, Budoff M, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of renal artery calcification in patients with diabetes and proteinuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 2093–100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20705966/.
● 25. Chen H, Avital Y, Bruchim Y, et al. Urinary heat shock protein-72: A novel marker of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in cats. Vet J 2019; 243: 77–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30606443/.
● 26. Ceren DA, Gülten ET, Bülent U, et al. Clinicopathological Characteristics of Cats with Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Disease in the Aydın Province (Turkey). Kocatepe Vet J 2021; 14: 474–81. https://www.sciencegate.app/document/10.30607/kvj.1003077.
● 27. Birder LA, Barrick SR, Roppolo JR, et al. Feline interstitial cystitis results in mechanical hypersensitivity and altered ATP release from bladder urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285: F423–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12759226/.
● 28. Mizutani R, Takeuchi A, Uesugi K, et al. Evaluation of the improved three-dimensional resolution of a synchrotron radiation computed tomograph using a micro-fabricated test pattern. J Synchrotron Radiat 2008; 15: 648–54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955773/.
● 29. Sasaki K, Ma Z, Khatlani TS, et al. Evaluation of feline serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65: 545–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12736442/.
Kajikawa T, Furuta A, Onishi T, et al. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 68: 91-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10231954/.
● 31. Lannergard A, Friman G, Larsson A. Serum amyloid A: a novel serum marker for the detection of systemic inflammatory response in cystitis. J Urol 2003; 170: 804–6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022534705632363#!.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 SLOVENIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
