EFFECT OF FERMENTED SOYBEAN MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, AND CECAL MICROBIOTA IN BROILER CHICKENS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26873/SVR-1459-2021Keywords:
broilers, fermented soybean meal, cecal microbiota, growthAbstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth performance, economic efficiency, and cecal microbial activity in broilers. One hundred and twenty Cobb 500 broiler chicks, one-day-old, with initial weight (44.75 g/bird) were used. In a complete randomized design, the birds were weighted and randomly assigned to six groups from T1 to T6 treated with different levels of FSBM as 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10 % respectively. For a treatment, five replicates with four chicks in each one were used. Results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the body weight (BW) in T2, T5 and T6 group which increased by 16.76%, 15.77% and 17.96% than the control group, respectively. Birds fed diet contain 2% FSBM had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) as it improved with 12.43% than the control. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the abdominal fat%, liver% and heart% in T6 and no significant differences were detected in other groups compared to the control. Also T3 showed a significant increase in intestine% compared to control. The economic efficiency, net profit and total return were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in T2, T3, T5, and T6 than control group. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the number of coliform bacteria in all groups compared to the control. But there was a numerically increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria in T2 and T6 than the control. There was a significant increase in the cholesterol level in a level dependent manner. No significant differences in total protein and albumin were detected in T2 compared to control group. Collectively, our results revealed that 2% FSBM had benefit effects on growth performance of birds with a good economic efficiency.
References
● 1. Tona K, Onagbesan O, De Ketelaere B, et al. Effects of age of broiler breeders on egg quality, hatchability, chick quality chick weight and chick posthatch growth to 24 days. J Appl Poult Res, 2004; 13: 8–10.
● 2. Willemsen H, Everaert N, Witters A, et al. Criti-cal assessment of chick quality measurements as an indicator of posthatch performance. Poult sci, 2008; 87.11: 2358–66.
● 3. Barekatain M, and Swick R. Composition of more specialised pre-starter and starter diets for young broiler chickens: a review. Anim Prod Sci, 2016; 56.8: 1239–47.
● 4. Cromwell GL. Soybean meal: An exceptional protein source. Soybean Meal Info Center, Ankeny, IA. 2012.
● 5. Easter B. R, Kim S. W. Routes of use of soy-bean products. Opportunities for soy products in animal nutrition. Federation Animal Science Society, Savoy, 1999; 1–8.
● 6. Jiang R, Chang X, Stoll B, et al. Diatery plasma proteins used more efficiently than extruded soy protein for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs. The J Nutr, 2000; 130.8: 2016–19.
● 7. Fasina Y. O, Garlich J. D, Classen H. L, et al. Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci, 2004; 83:1559–71.
● 8. Mukherjee R, Chakraborty R, Dutta A. Role of fermentation in improving nutritional quality of soy-bean meal—a review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2016; 29.11: 1523.
● 9. Soumeh EA, Mohebodini H, Toghyani M, et al. Synergistic effects of fermented soybean meal and mannan-oligosaccharide on growth performance, digestive functions, and hepatic gene expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 2019; 98.12: 6797–807.
● 10. Drażbo A, Kozłowski K, Ognik K, et al. The effect of raw and fermented rapeseed cake on growth performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality in turkey. Poult Sci, 2019; 98.11: 6161–9.
● 11. Niba A, Beal J, Kudi A, Brooks P. Potential of bacterial fermentation as a biosafe method of im-proving feeds for pigs and poultry. Afr J Biotechnol, 2009; 8: 1758–67.
● 12. Canibe N, Jensen B. Fermented liquid feed-Microbial and nutritional aspects and impact on en-teric diseases in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 2012; 173: 17–40.
● 13. Subramaniyam R, Vimala R. Solid state and submerged fermentation for the production of bioac-tive substances: a comparative study. Int J Sci Nat 2012; 3: 480–6.
● 14. Couto S, Sanroman M. Application of solid-state fermentation to food industry-a review. J Food Eng, 2006; 76: 291–302.
● 15. Supriyati T, Haryati T, Susanti T, et al. Nutri-tional value of rice bran fermented by Bacillus amylo-liquefaciens and humic substances and its utilization as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Asian Aus-tralas J Anim Sci, 2015; 28: 231–8.
● 16. Shim Y, Shinde P, Choi J, et al. Evaluation of multimicrobial probiotics produced by submerged liquid and solid substrate fermentation methods in broilers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 2010; 23: 521–9.
● 17. Mathivanan R, Selvaraj P, Nanjappan K. Feed-ing of fermented soybean meal on broiler perfor-mance. Int J Poult Sci, 2006; 5.9: 868–72.
● 18. Feng J, Liu X, Xu Z, et al. Effects of Aspergil-lus oryzae 3.042 fermented soybean meal on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 2007a; 134.3-4: 235–42.
● 19. Feng J, Liu X, Xu Z, et al. Effects of ferment-ed soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers. Poult Sci, 2007b; 86.6: 1149–54.
● 20. Liu J, Srivastava R, Che P, et al. An endo-plasmic reticulum stress response in Arabidopsis is mediated by proteolytic processing and nuclear relo-cation of a membrane-associated transcription factor, bZIP28. The Plant Cell, 2007; 19.12: 4111–19.
● 21. Amadou I, Amza T, Foh M, et al. Influence of Lactobacillus plantarum Lp6 fermentation on the functional properties of soybean protein meal. Emir J Food Agric, 2010; 456–65.
● 22. Ammor S, Tauveron G, Dufour E, et al. Anti-bacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria isolated from the same meat small-scale facility: 1—Screening and characterization of the antibacterial compounds. Food control, 2006; 17.6: 454–61.
● 23. Sun H, Tang J. W, Yao X. H, et al. Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented cottonseed meal on growth, cecal microbial population, small intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broil-ers. Trop Anim Health Prod, 2013; 45.4: 987–93.
● 24. Tillman P. B, Dozier W. A. Current amino acid considerations for broiler diets: requirements, ratios, economics. In Proceedings of Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition Technical Seminar 2012; 24–56.
● 25. Wanger D, Furrow R, Bradly B. Sub chronic toxicity of growth promoters in broiler chickens. Vet Path, 1983; 20: 253–9.
● 26. El-Telbany M, Atallah S. Some culture factors affecting the productive and economic efficiency of Mugil capito nursing in earthen pond system 9th Scientific Cingrees. Fac of Vet Med Assiut Univ, 2000; 19–20.
● 27. Dunning R, Daniels H. Hybrid striped bass production in ponds: enterprise budget: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 2001.
● 28. Shahin S, Ibrahim D, Badawi M. Effects of phytogenic supplementation on productive and eco-nomic performance in broilers. J. Anim. Health Prod, 2020; 9.1:42–9.
● 29. North M, Bell D. Breeder management. Com-mercial Chicken Production Manual the Avi Publish-ing Company Inc Westport, Connecticut, 1984; 240–321.
● 30. Chiang G, Lu W. Q, Piao X. S, et al. Effects of feeding solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on per-formance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal ecology and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Asian Aus-tralas J Anim Sci, 2009; 23.2: 263–71.
● 31. Mountzouris K. C, Tsitrsikos P, Palamidi I, et al. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibil-ity, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poult Sci, 2010; 89.1: 58–67.
● 32. Trinder P. Enzymatic colorimetric method for estimation of Glucose (GOD–PAP method), Uric acid and phospholipids. Ann Clin Biochem, 1969; 6- 24.
● 33. Natio H, kaplan A. Cholesterol. Clin Chem, 1984; 437: 1194–206.
● 34. Wahlefeld A, Bergmeyer H. Methods of enzy-matic analysis 2nd English Ed. New York Ay-academic Press, IC.1974; 1931.
● 35. Burstein M, Scholnick H. Lipoprotein-poiyanion-metal interaction Adv Lipid Res, 1973; 11–67.
● 36. Friedewald W, Levy R, Frederickson D. Esti-mation of the concentration of low – density lipopro-tein cholesterol in plasma without use of the prepara-tive ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem, 1974; 18: 499–502.
● 37. Grant G, Sliverman L, Christenson R. Amino acids and protein, in: Fundamental of Clinical Chem-istry 3rd Ed., Philadelphia, WB Saunders Compa-ny.1987.
● 38. Doumas B, Pinkas M. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromo cresol green. Clin Chem Acta, 1971; 31: 83–7.
● 39. Doumas B, Biggs H. Determination of serum globulin, standard methods of clinical chemistry. Edited by cooper, New York, Academic press.1972; 7.
● 40. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamicoxalacetic trans-aminase and serum pyruvic transaminase, AM J Clin Path,1957; 28: 56–8.
● 41. Alshelmani M, Loh T, Foo H, et al. Effect of solid state fermentation on nutrient content and ileal amino acids digestibility of palm kernel cake in broil-er chickens. Indian J Anim Sci, 2017; 87: 1135–40.
● 42. Zhang J, Zhu J, Sun J, et al. Effect of ferment-ed feed on intestinal morphology, immune status, carcass and growth performance of Emei Black chickens. FASEB Journal, 2016; 30.1: 240–50.
● 43. Hirabayashi M, Matsui T, Yano H, et al. Fer-mentation of soybean meal with Aspergillus usamii reduces phosphorus excretion in chicks. Poult Sci, 1998; 77: 552–6.
● 44. Li C, Lu, J, Wu C, et al. Effects of probiotics and bremelain fermented soybean meal replacing fish meal on growth performance, nutrient retention and carcass traits of broilers. Livest Sci, 2014; 163, 94–101.
● 45. Zhang W, Xu Z, Zhao S, et al. Development of a microbial fermentation process for detoxification of gossypol in cottonseed meal. Anim Feed Sci Tech-nol, 2007; 135.1–2:176–86.
● 46. Sun H, Jiang-Wu T, Xiao-Hong Y, et al. Im-provement of the nutritional quality of cottonseed meal by Bacillus subtilis and the addition of papain. Int J Agric Biol, 2012; 14.4: 563–8.
● 47. Sun H, Yao X, Wang X, et al. Chemical com-position and in vitro antioxidant property of peptides produced from cottonseed meal by solid-state fer-mentation. CyTA-J Food, 2015; 13.2: 264–72.
● 48. Sugiharto S, Ranjitkar S. Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: A review. Anim Nutr, 2018; 5.1:1.
● 49. Kim S, KimT, Lee S, et al. The use of fer-mented soybean meals during early phase a_ects subsequent growth and physiological response in broiler chicks. Asian-Australas. J Anim Sci, 2016, 29, 1287–93.
● 50. Guo S, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, et al. Partial substi-tution of fermented soybean meal for soybean meal influences the carcass traits and meat quality of broil-er chickens. Animals, 2020; 10.2: 225.
● 51. Jeong J, Kim I. Comparative efficacy of up to 50% partial fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal or enzymatically prepared soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. Anim Sci J, 2015; 86:624–33.
● 52. Sembratowicz I, Chachaj R, Krauze M, et al. The Effect of Diet with Fermented Soybean Meal on Blood Metabolites and Redox Status of Chickens. Ann Anim Sci, 2020; 20.2: 599–611.
● 53. Chachaj R, Sembratowicz I, Krauze, M, et al. The effect of fermented soybean meal on perfor-mance, biochemical and immunological blood param-eters in turkeys. Ann Anim Sci, 2019; 19.4:1035–49.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Aya K. Mohamed, Mohamed E. Badawi, Rania E. Mahmoud, Mahmoud F. El-Gamal, Hossam M. Abdallah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
